Importance Of Audit Evidence Accounting Essay

Importance Of Audit Evidence Accounting Essay According to Companies Act 1965 Section 174, auditor should perform the following duties, Statutory Duties. Auditor should examine and form an opinion whether the financial statements compliance the financial reporting standards of Malaysia and the Companies Act 1965. Duty to carry out audit. Auditor should examine and form an opinion whether the financial statements give a true and fair view of the financial position of the Company as of the financial year end and of its financial performance and cash flows of the year end. Duty to report to appropriate management. Auditor should report the accounting and other records and the registers required by the Companies Act to be kept by the company have been properly kept in accordance with the provisions of the Act. Duty to be independent. Auditor is under a duty to exercise the appropriate standard of care to shareholders and outsiders. Duty to use reasonable care and skill. Auditor should obtain reasonable assurance that the financial statements are free from material misstatements. (2) The auditor must plan the audit so as to enable him/her to detect all misstatements. Discuss. The purpose of planning stage is plan the audit so that it will be performed in an effective manner. During the planning stage, auditor should design and perform the audit planning to detect the potential threat that may be occurred and also limited the audit risk to a lower level. Auditor will get the knowledge of the clients business, auditor able to identify the potential threat that may be occurred. The planning stage will be emphasis on the material misstatement based on the professional judgement but not absolute detect all the misstatement such as immaterial misstatement will not be concern. (3) Explain the steps to be taken by the auditor if there are reasons to believe that there are (i) errors and (ii) frauds. According to SAS 110, the auditors shall indicates that fraud or error that exist by obtaining an understanding of the nature of the event and the circumstances, and sufficient other information to evaluate the possible effect on the financial statements. If the auditors believe that the indicated fraud or error could have a material effect on the financial statements, they should perform appropriate modified or additional procedures. Where there is a significant error or fraud, the auditor should consider the necessity for a disclosure of the error or fraud in financial statements, and report to the relevance third party (management level). If adequate disclosure is not made, the necessity for a suitable disclosure in his report so called qualified audit report. (4) What is an audit engagement letter? What steps should be taken by the auditor after receiving the audit engagement letter? According to standard, audit engagement letter refers to a written contract between accounting firm and the client. Its purpose is to confirm the relationship between the client engaging the auditor and the accounting firm accepting the audit engagement and to define matters such as the objectives of the engagement, the scope of the audit, the responsibilities and duties of each party etc. The audit engagement letter has statutory binding force. After receiving audit engagement letter, there will be an interview or opening conference between engagement parties and audit firm. During the meeting, auditee is asked about the system to be reviewed available resources and other relevance resource. The auditor may be required to meet the person in charge those relevance resources. After getting the required information, auditor will perform a general overview on it and review the internal control of the auditee in order to determine the audit risk that may be occurred. (5) What are the purposes of the audit working papers? 1. To provide a basis for planning the audit. The auditor may use reference information from the previous year in order to plan this years audit, such as the evaluation of internal control, the time budget, etc. 2. To provide a record of the evidence accumulated and the results of the tests. This is the primary means of documenting that an adequate audit was performed. 3. To provide data for deciding the proper type of audit report. Data are used in determining the scope of the audit and the fairness with which the financial statements are stated. 4. To provide a basis for review by supervisors and partners. These individuals use the audit documentation to evaluate whether sufficient appropriate evidence was accumulated to justify the audit report. Audit documentation is used for several purposes, both during the audit and after the audit is completed. One of the uses is the review by more experienced personnel. A second is for planning the subsequent year audit. A third is to demonstrate that the auditor has accumulated sufficient appropriate evidence if there is a need to defend the audit at a later date. For these uses, it is important that the audit documentation provide sufficient information so that the person reviewing an audit schedule knows the name of the client, contents of the audit schedule, period covered, who prepared the audit schedule, when it was prepared, and how it ties into the rest of the audit files with an index code. (6) Describe the different types of information that are kept in the current file. Current audit file include following resources: Audit plan, report and audit programmes copies Clearance the problems and confusion during the time of audit work such as journal entries and minutes of meetings. Copies of annual records such as trade account, trial balance and profit and loss account and balance sheet Bank reconciliation statement Minutes of meetings Current financial statements Working papers supporting account Paper of calculation of tax bonus. List of lost proofs Paper regarding stock evaluation (7) State the nature and the importance of audit evidence. According to ISA, there is nine type of audit evidence which include physical examination, confirmation, documentation, analytical procedures, inquiries, scanning, recalculation, reperformance and observation. The nature of audit evidences includes invoices, contracts, and worksheets, general and subsidiary ledger and so on. Audit evidence is important as it provides the auditor with the information regarding the potential threat or weakness that may be occurred in the clients financial statements. Audit evidence is useful as it provides the auditor with some degree of competent evidential support for the expression of an audit opinion. It facilitates the completion of audit programme scheduled and undertaken. (8) According to ISA 500, what type of evidence is the auditor required to collect? According to ISA 500, auditor required to collect sufficient and appropriate audit evidence in order to draw reasonable conclusions on which to base the audit opinion. Sufficiency and appropriateness are interrelated and apply to audit evidence obtained from both tests of controls and substantive tests. Sufficiency is a measure of the quantity of evidence and it refers to sample size and items to select. Higher quality evidence results in a lower quantity of audit evidence. Appropriateness is a measure of the relevance and reliability of evidence, or the degree to which evidence can be considered believable or worthy of trust. Appropriateness relates to the audit procedures selected, including the timing of when those procedures are performed.

About a Boy film review

Will Freeman (Hugh Grant; – Bridget Jones's Diary) is enjoying his rich, meaningless life, living off of his dad's Christmas song as a bachelor who lives in London. He is a lazy, self-centred man who thinks about no-one but himself. Will is a player; he joins a single parent group called SPAT (Single Parents Alone Together). He goes to these meetings and ends up going on a date. She has to bring her best friend's son called Marcus Brewer (Nicholas Hoult). When they get back to Marcus's house they find Marcus's mother; Fiona (Toni Collete), unconscious on a sofa after a suicide attempt. Fiona recovers and Marcus realises two people is not enough. Marcus calls up Will and arranges them to go to dinner. Marcus starts to follow Will and finds out his doesn't have a child. Marcus starts coming to Wills; watching television and they become friends. Marcus and Fiona spend Christmas and New Year's with Will. At the SPAT group Will meets another woman called Rachel. She believes Marcus is Will's son and he plays along. He then realises where he went wrong and he tells her and he realises what he is. Fiona starts to cry before Marcus goes to school and he worries for her, and before she had told him, his voice makes her happy. He decides to sing at a school concert to make her happy. The next part is for you to find out. Will invites some people around his flat for Christmas, and Rachel is there. This film was directed by Paul and Chris Weisz; they directed American Pie. About a Boy is quite similar to that film. Also it was written by Nick Hornby who also wrote the book High Fidelity. He has turned lots of books into films and has had his novel published in 1998: Fever Pitch. The music was written and performed by Badly Drawn Boy, Damon Gough, Nick Hornby asked him to provide music for the entire movie. Hornby believes his music had the power to enchant and change people. The main themes of this movie are; Growing up (changing), Consequences of suicide, Family & Friends (Love), Responsibilities, Relationships, Truth & Honesty and Single-parents. The scene that really stood in my mind is when Marcus commits social suicide where he sings ‘Killing Me Softly' for his Mum to make her happy. Will convinces Fiona to go and watch, and Will drives her up to the concert. Marcus had paid a boy in his school to play with him, but he wouldn't play so Marcus goes out on stage himself; Can Will Stop Marcus from singing? The audience claps Marcus onto the stage and then he starts to sing and they laugh at his face is shown by a close-up on him and zooms out changing from time to time. Will comes onstage playing a guitar and plays backup. When they finished Will carried on playing the guitar expressing his, weird but funny, feelings. Rachel notices Will is not just thinking about himself for a change. This compares with the theme of changing people as Will used to think about nobody but himself but now he thinks about helping Marcus. This gives the effect that people can change if they really try to. If you wanted to make the film better, I feel that you wouldn't have to change that much. The thing I would change is the music should be varied, as the same style of music and get repetitive. Most films do not always have the same genre of music in. Other than that, I do not have any other criticisms. This is a really brilliant film and I could watch it over and over again.

The History and Invention of Pottery

Of all the kinds of artifacts which may be found at archaeological sites, ceramics--objects made from fired clay--are surely one of the most useful. Ceramic artifacts are extremely durable and may last thousands of years virtually unchanged from the date of manufacture. And, ceramic artifacts, unlike stone tools, are completely person-made, shaped of clay and purposely fired. Clay figurines are known from the earliest human occupations; but clay vessels, pottery vessels used for storing, cooking and serving food, and carrying water were first manufactured in China at least 20,000 years ago. Yuchanyan and Xianrendong Caves Recently redated ceramic sherds from the Paleolithic/Neolithic cave site of Xianrendong in the Yangtse Basin of central China in Jiangxi province hold the earliest established dates, at 19,200-20,900 cal BP years ago. These pots were bag-shaped and coarse-pasted, made of local clay with inclusions of quartz and feldspar, with plain or simply decorated walls. The second oldest pottery in the world is from Hunan Province, at the karst cave of Yuchanyan. In sediments dated between 15,430 and 18,300 calendar years before the present (cal BP) were found sherds from at least two pots. One was partially constructed, and it was a wide-mouthed jar with a pointed bottom that looks very much like the Incipient Jomon pot illustrated in the photograph and about 5,000 years younger. The Yuchanyan sherds are thick (up to 2 cm) and coarsely pasted, and decorated with cord-marks on the interior and exterior walls. The Kamino Site in Japan The next earliest sherds are from the Kamino site in southwestern Japan. This site has a stone tool assemblage which appears to classify it as late Paleolithic, called Pre-ceramic in Japanese archaeology to separate it from the Lower Paleolithic cultures of Europe and the mainland. At the Kamino site in addition to a handful of potsherds were found micro blades, wedge-shaped microcores, spearheads and other artifacts similar to assemblages at Pre-ceramic sites in Japan dated between 14,000 and 16,000 years before the present (BP). This layer is stratigraphically below a securely dated Initial Jomon culture occupation of 12,000 BP. The ceramic sherds are not decorated and are very small and fragmentary. Recent thermoluminescence dating of the sherds themselves returned a 13,000-12,000 BP date. Jomon Culture Sites Ceramic sherds are also found, also in small quantities, but with a bean-impression decoration, in a half-dozen sites of the Mikoshiba-Chojukado sites of southwestern Japan, also dated to the late Pre-ceramic period. These pots are bag-shaped but somewhat pointed at the bottom, and sites with these sherds include the Odaiyamamoto and Ushirono sites, and Senpukuji Cave. Like those of the Kamino site, these sherds are also quite rare, suggesting that although the technology was known to the Late Pre-ceramic cultures, it just was not terribly useful to their nomadic lifestyle. In contrast, ceramics were very useful indeed to the Jomon peoples. In Japanese, the word Jomon means cord-mark, as in cord-marked decoration on pottery. The Jomon tradition is the name given to hunter-gatherer cultures in Japan from about 13,000 to 2500 BP, when migrating populations from the mainland brought full-time wet rice agriculture. For the entire ten millennia, the Jomon peoples used ceramic vessels for storage and cooking. Incipient Jomon ceramics are identified by patterns of lines applied onto a bag-shaped vessel. Later, as on the mainland, highly decorated vessels were also manufactured by the Jomon peoples. By 10,000 BP, the use of ceramics is found throughout mainland China, and by 5,000 BP ceramic vessels are found throughout the world, both independently invented in the Americas or spread by diffusion into the middle eastern Neolithic cultures. Porcelain and High-Fired Ceramics The first high-fired glazed ceramics were produced in China, during the  Shang  (1700-1027 BC) dynasty period. At sites such as Yinxu and Erligang, high-fired ceramics appear in the 13th-17th centuries BC. These pots were made from a local clay, washed with wood ash and fired in kilns to temperatures of between 1200 and 1225 degrees Centigrade to produce a high fired lime-based glaze. Shang and Zhou dynasty potters continued to refine the technique, testing different clays and washes, eventually leading to the development of true porcelain. See Yin, Rehren and Zheng 2011. By the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), the first mass pottery manufacturing kilns were begun at the imperial  Jingdezhen  site, and the beginning of export trade of Chinese porcelain to the rest of the world opened up.   Sources Boaretto E, Wu X, Yuan J, Bar-Yosef O, Chu V, Pan Y, Liu K, Cohen D, Jiao T, Li S et al. 2009. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(24):9595-9600. Chi Z, and Hung H-C. 2008. The Neolithic of Southern China–Origin, Development, and Dispersal. Asian Perspectives 47(2):299-329. Cui J, Rehren T, Lei Y, Cheng X, Jiang J, and Wu X. 2010. Western technical traditions of pottery making in Tang Dynasty China: chemical evidence from the Liquanfang Kiln site, Xian city. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(7):1502-1509. Cui JF, Lei Y, Jin ZB, Huang BL, and Wu XH. 2009. Lead Isotope Analysis Of Tang Sancai Pottery Glazes From Gongyi Kiln, Henan Province And Huangbao Kiln, Shaanxi Province. Archaeometry 52(4):597-604. Demeter F, Sayavongkhamdy T, Patole-Edoumba E, Coupey A-S, Bacon A-M, De Vos J, Tougard C, Bouasisengpaseuth B, Sichanthongtip P, and Duringer P. 2009. Tam Hang Rockshelter: Preliminary Study of a Prehistoric Site in Northern Laos. Asian Perspectives 48(2):291-308. Liu L, Chen X, and Li B. 2007. Non-state crafts in the early Chinese state: an archaeological view from the Erlitou hinterland. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 27:93-102. Lu TL-D. 2011. Early pottery in south China. Asian Perspectives 49(1):1-42. Mà ©ry S, Anderson P, Inizan M-L, Lechevallier, Monique, and Pelegrin J. 2007. A pottery workshop with flint tools on blades knapped with copper at Nausharo (Indus Journal of Archaeological Science 34:1098-1116.civilisation, ca. 2500 BC). Prendergast ME, Yuan J, and Bar-Yosef O. 2009. Resource intensification in the Late Upper Paleolithic: a view from southern China. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(4):1027-1037. Shennan SJ, and Wilkinson JR. 2001. Ceramic Style Change and Neutral Evolution: A Case Study from Neolithic Europe. American Antiquity 66(4):5477-5594. Wang W-M, Ding J-L, Shu J-W, and Chen W. 2010. Exploration of early rice farming in China. Quaternary International 227(1):22-28. Yang X-Y, Kadereit A, Wagner GA, Wagner I, and Zhang J-Z. 2005. TL and IRSL dating of Jiahu relics and sediments: clue of 7th millennium BC civilization in central China. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(7):1045-1051. Yin M, Rehren T, and Zheng J. 2011. The earliest high-fired glazed ceramics in China: the composition of the proto-porcelain from Zhejiang during the Shang and Zhou periods (c. 1700-221 BC). Journal of Archaeological Science 38(9):2352-2365.

Modernism In Works of T.S. Elliot And James Joyce Essay

Introduction: Modernism is a word that is generally used to understand new and distinctive features in the subjects, forms, concepts and styles of literature and the other arts in the early decades of the present century, but especially after World War I. (Abrams 167) More often than not Modernism engages in deliberate and radical break (Abrams 167) with some of the more traditional foundation of art and culture. Peter Childs in his book Modernism remarks Modernism has almost universally been considered a literature of not just change but crisis (p. 14, Unit Reader p. 12). This essay will discuss and assess the value of this statement through the parts of the poem The Waste Land as well as The Love Song of J. Alfred†¦show more content†¦The Waste Land talks about the crisis equipped by modern culture especially after the First World War that had wreak havoc on Europe. The lines Ââ€" That corpse you planted last year in your garden, Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year? Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed? Gives the vive that the twentieth century England had a culture that changed (decayed and withered) but will not expire, and people were forced to live with reminders of all its glory and reparation. Eliot, in this poem, had used a rather difficult and confusing style which is there to provide the readers with more than just sheer frustration. He intended to draw a realistic portrait of life of the world of twentieth century which was very confusing but nonetheless moving and changing. The Waste Land Section II: A Game of Chess: The title of this section takes was taken from the two plays written by Thomas Middleton. This section focuses on showing the two opposite sides of the society, the higher class and the lower class. The form of the first part of this section is in unrhymed iambic pentameter lines, or blank verse. When going through the section farther, the lines become all the more irregular which gives out the impression of things falling apart which can be referred to as distress of in some cases, crisis. The second scene of this section reduces the prospect thatShow MoreRelatedDisillusion, Defiance, and Discontent (1914-1946)780 Words   |  4 Pagesthe cyclone to go around our barn but it didn’t hear us.† -Carl Sandburg from The People, Yes Carl Sandburg was an American writer, best known for his poetry during modernism. The quote means people like to think they are in control and then something like this happens, and they realize that they re not. The themes of the work is implied not stated Timeline The most significant ten year period is from 1920 to 1930 because the biggest cultural changes happened during this period because itRead MoreA Brief History of English Literature1782 Words   |  8 PagesGermanic epic and the longest Old English poem; other great works include The Wanderer, The Battle of Maldon, and The Dream of the Rood. Notable prose includes the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a historical record begun about the time of King Alfred ´s reign (871-899) and continuing for more than three centuries. Authors: Caedmon (English poet), Cynewulf (English poet), Franciscus Junius, the Younger (European scholar) and John Gardner (American author) Works: Beowulf (Old English poem), Exeter Book (Old EnglishRead MoreThe Modernist Movement Of Literature2005 Words   |  9 Pagesinspiration from the real world and their own experiences. Every aspect of the world has its own influence from historical events to developments in psychological theory. The authors of the modernist era, such as William Faulkner, Virginia Woolf, T.S. Elliot, and James Joyce, experimented heavily with established laws of language and structure by modifying the narration of the story and breaking the plot into pieces for the reader to put together. In a way, the authors were rebelling against the old views of

Pros and Con of Caribbean Tourism - 2651 Words

Tourism is one of the fastest growing and most heterogeneous industries in the world. It is vital to the survival of many Caribbean islands as it is the pillar of their economy because it provides a vast amount of employment opportunities for locals as well as constantly pumps foreign investment and expenditure into the region, among other benefits which will be highlighted. However, like most actions in life, there are pros and cons, tourism is no different. It is a very controversial topic because on one hand it helps sustain economies but, on another it negatively impacts on the natural environment and culture of the region. This leads to the big question that has been asked many times, â€Å"Is tourism worth it?† This essay seeks to answer†¦show more content†¦As a result of tourism, Caribbean governments invest sufficiently in the infrastructure necessary to keep tourism afloat such as the large international airports, roads, sewage treatment plants and electrici ty and telecommunication facilities etc. This development is beneficial to both tourists and locals alike. Foreign investment is another aspect that is essential to the development and maintenance of tourism facilities in the region as the government can only do so much. Tourism requires a lot of capital and investment because of this Caribbean governments gratefully accept foreign direct investment into the region as they do not have the monetary capacity of doing it alone. 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Why I Decided to Go Back to School Free Essays

Why I decided to return to school The Purpose of my essay is to give my readers some high in sight on a few different challenges in my life that helped motivate me upon my return to school. I am a single 45 year old divorced woman with six children. I needed a good paying job and a college education to be able to continue supporting my family. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Decided to Go Back to School or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am also the youngest child of four and the light of my mother’s eyes. I was once married to my children’s father for 20 years. My ex-husband was always the bread winner for our family, so I had no worries. He worked for the park district in the city where we lived. I was going to school full time and taking care of the children. My two oldest children are boys and they are grown men now 25 years old and the youngest son is 22 years old. They both are out on their own and the oldest son has two children. A boy and a girl, their names are Ryan Jr. and my granddaughters name is Savannah. All of my children are the light of my life, as well as my grandchildren. I was 25 years old when I got married to my ex-husband. We had been together 5 years prior to getting married. He was the light of my life, the sun in the morning to me, so to speak. I was a full time student and my husband at the time was a foreman. I went to college after I had graduated from high school. However, I dropped out of college because I met my now ex-husband and we moved out of town to New Orleans, LA. We lived there for about a year and I got pregnant and I had my first son down in New Orleans. I was so excited about our first son. Everything seemed to be going just fine. Then three years later I became pregnant again and this time it was my second child (son). Again, we were very excited for the birth of our second son. As happy as we both were, things seemed to be changing before my very eyes. As time passed, I would say after about five years, we decided to get married. After marrying, we decided to move back to Illinois so we could be closer to our families. At the time that seemed perfect, since we were having children and we were starting to need sitters and just the support from our families. So, we packed up the kids and moved back to Illinois. Once there, we got settled in and we began looking for jobs. We bought our first house and then we both got great jobs. I was a teacher assistant and my husband got on as a foreman at the park district. My mother babysat for us and everything seemed to be oming together as we had planned. We had been home in Illinois about six months and everything that was good began to turn bad. My great life was turning for the worse all before my eyes. My husband was starting to abuse me physically and he had also started cheating on me. Well, he had promised to never do it again and I wanted to believe him, not to mention I wanted to keep my family intact. I was brought up that family was everything, and a family that prays together stays together. My parents had been married 45 years and it was just unheard of where I come from. Time had passed on (7 years to be exact) and things had gotten better for us and we talked about expanding our family some more and that is what we did. I became pregnant in 1997 with our first daughter, Maurice. I named her after her dad. Crazy, I know but I did it with no remorse at all. Then, a year later I was pregnant with our fourth daughter, Mauriah. Everything was back in full swing again, I and Maurice were happy as ever and we had our four children that we were blessed with. I was working full time and so was Maurice, so we really didn’t have a care in the world, so I thought. As time passed, Maurice had got a raise and a higher position at his job. All had been going well, and then I found out again I was pregnant with another girl. I was a bit surprised because the other children had pretty much been planned, but now we were on our fifth child and the raise my husband had received was now starting to leave with all of our children. It didn’t matter because we had fought bigger storms than that and managed to make it through. I loved my husband and what he wanted pretty much made sure that I complied with it. Our family was expanding and I was happy and I felt great about it. Then sure enough, two years later I had my sixth child. It was another girl and that was my true blessing, because I wasn’t ready for her and I had considered having an abortion. I asked Maurice to take me to get an abortion in St. Louis because I was so far along I had to go out of state to where they could meet my needs. We arrived at the clinic and I just couldn’t do it. I had prayed about it and I just could not go through with the abortion. I’m glad that I didn’t, she is just amazing to me. However, things were starting to change all over again for my husband and myself. Maurice was back to his old tricks of physically abusing me and cheating. I was home with the kids one day and one of his mistresses had come by our house looking for him. I was livid and mentally crushed after the lady had told me she was sleeping with my husband. When Maurice came home I told him what had happened and of course he wormed his way out of it again. I knew he was lying but I also had six kids and was working full time. I would have to be a millionaire to try to keep up the way I was accustomed to living. Not to mention I wanted to keep my family together. I was mentally sickened with all of the mental and physical things that I was being put through by the man I trusted with my life. I depended on him to be the best husband and father that he could be. However, he let me down. He then apologized for the millionth time and he got me back by telling me that I could quit my job and go back to school. That was my Maurice’s way of making up to me since he had cheated and abused me when I had been nothing but good to him. In the mist of me getting emotionally tied into more of the lies and deceit, I turned in my two week notice. Things seemed to be okay at least I was getting the opportunity to get my degree like I had always wanted to do. Maurice tricked me back into his good graces and all was well between the two of us. About a year later history began to repeat itself. I was going to a junior college in my hometown and I started hearing rumors again about my husband and I was a full time student and full time mother. I had tons of homework to do on top of my normal duties as a wife and mother. I was literally mentally exhausted from the rumors, homework, kids, no good husband and my mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. I had hit rock bottom, I really didn’t think I was going to make it mentally. I was trying to be strong because I didn’t want my children to know that their father was up to his old tricks again, but all along I was the only one in denial. I had later found out that they knew anyway, just because it was a small town. My mother and father were my support system and I didn’t have anyone else I could depend on. Then shortly after my mother was diagnosed with breast cancer, my father took ill and we found out he had cancer as well. I was going crazy, because we were such a close knit family. My father was in the last stages of cancer and he took chemo but it didn’t help. It was too far gone and it spread very fast and in a matter of months we lost my father. I was devastated and my mother was in chemo still and my husband was not there for me. I prayed about my situation and filed for divorce. I didn’t know what I was going to do for money and I had just lost my father also. I felt doomed and so alone. Before the divorce was final my husband made one last attempt to get me back. However, I was done so I refused to even consider taking him back. I had to think about my children and what message I was sending them. Finally, I divorced my husband and I had nowhere to turn. I thought about my children first and my mother second and right then and there I knew if I wanted to keep up with the life style I had been accustomed to then and now, I needed an education. I decided to work full time and go back to school and get my education. I made a promise to my kids, mother and self that I would get my degree in education if that was the last thing that I did. I want to be able to give my children everything that they need and I would like to be able to financially take care of my mother. My mother has been my anchor from day one and she never once complained. The least I can do is please her along with myself and get my degree. I am the baby of four and everyone has their degree except me, and my mother told me that would be gift enough to see her baby graduate from college. Then I knew I had no other choice, so I prayed about my final decision and here I stand. God saw fit for me to continue my education in spite of and he made a way out of no way. I had to hit rock bottom mentally and physically for me to get myself together. It was all worth it in the end, because I have a piece of mind and I am at peace with myself. I heard about Ashford from a friend in another state and I am now a full time student at Ashford University. I just hope that my misery can be someone else’s ministry, and to let the world know that if GOD can bring me through the storm he can bring anyone through it. Look at GOD, isn’t he awesome! And these are the few different reasons why I chose to go back to school. How to cite Why I Decided to Go Back to School, Essay examples

Family Centered Care for an Adolescent Girl- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theFamily Centered Care for an Adolescent Girl. Answer: Rheumatic fever is a very common amongst the children and happens after a streptococcus throat infection. It is an inflammatory disease, which affects the heart, skin, joints and brain. Sometimes, the rheumatic fever leads to the damage of the heart valves. This type of heart disease is called Rheumatic heart disease (RHD). The essay follows a case study of a 14 years old adolescent girl named Sue. This girl has been treated repeatedly for impetigo and streptococcal pharyngitis for the last two years. The girl receives IM antibiotics (Penicillin) in a local clinic. After missing her antibiotics multiple times, she was admitted to a local clinic with the classic ARF (Acute Rheumatic Fever) symptoms. The purpose of this study is to discuss the pathophysiology of the disease and to evaluate the appropriate caregiving process in relation to the mentioned case study of the 14-year-old girl with ARF/RHD. Rheumatic Fever occurs two to four weeks after a throat infection caused by the bacteria called Streptococcus pyrogenes. RHD affects more or less 15 million people per year and every year, the number of death ads up to as much as 230000 (Rhdaustralia.org.au, 2017). The symptoms of this disease include severe pain in the joints, fever, and involuntary muscle movement. Sometimes a non-itchy rash (Erythema marginatum) appears along with these symptoms. Sometimes RHD causes permanent damage to the heart and the patient may require valve replacement surgery because of this. The patient Sue, mentioned in the case study is suffering from ARD for more than two years and receives IM antibiotics to lessen the risk of developing RHD (Burke, Chang, 2014). The symptoms start to show one to three weeks after the occurrence of the streptococcal pharyngitis. The Rheumatic fever affects the connective tissues present around the heart arterioles. The proteins present on the cell wall of Streptococcus pyrogens shows molecular mimicry and causes inflammation by cross-reacting with the connective tissues. The cross reactivity is also termed as the molecular mimicry and is a Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction (Cunningham, 2014). The streptococcal infection induces the B cells to take the antigen to T cells (CD4+). This, in turn induces the CD4+ cells to become the helper T cells. These helper T cells in turn activate the B cell to become plasma cells. These plasma cells induce the antibodies to the bacterial cell walls. These antibodies react against the joints and the myocardium of the patient (Perricone et al., 2014). The outer wall of the bacteria has branched polymers (M proteins) which mimics the valvular endothelium and myosin present in the heart. The antibodies presented by the plasma cells recognize laminin, a protein that structures the basement membrane of the cardiac valves (Cunningham, 2012). Valves like tricaspic, mitral, aortic, and pulmonary, get more affected by the rheumatic fever. In acute RHD, formation of the minor thrombi happens at the valve closure. In chronic RHD, the valve basement membrane thickens and valve fibrosis can be seen. These commonly results in stenosis and rarely causes regurgitation (Iung, Vahanian, 2014). The T cells which reacts with the bacterial M protein, infiltrates the endothelium tissues present in the valve, then it gets activated after binding with the interleukins and TNF(tumor necrosis factor). Th17, a kind of cytokine plays the most important role in the RHD development. The chosen case study is of a 14-year-old patient named Sue, a resident of a remote community in Australia. The girl has a two year of history of streptococcal pharyngitis. The local health clinic gives her Penicillin G IM antibiotics in regular basis; however, she missed a few cycles of the antibiotics. The girl has been presented to the local health clinic after four days of reported fever with a two or 3-week-old history of sore throat. The doctor has diagnosed her with Acute Rheumatic Fever. Sue is a girl in her adolescence, which means she is at that age in which a person needs some privacy and enjoys being included in social interactions. Girls of this age take great pleasure enjoying their growing independence. The medical practitioners can discuss the clinical analysis with her and can include her in medical related discussion as this girl is approaching her adulthood in few years (Blakemore, Robbins, 2012). When the adolescents play roles in taking important decisions about themselves, it often approaches a good result. When children of the adolescence period tries to take a decision, the early development of the reward system of the brain along with the late development of brains own control system decreases the decision making ability of the children (Apa.org., 2017). Sue, the 14-year-old girl suffering from rheumatic fever already has a health problem bothering her and suffering a great pain. This will definitely create a conflict in the girls mind, whenever she will try to take a decision. In the above-mentioned case study, the girl is suffering from Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF), which often ends up creating a blockage and inflammation in the valves of the heart. Girls this age are generally physically active and actively attend school. However, Sue is not able to attend school due to her condition and has been receiving IM antibiotics for years. Her severe joint pain makes her somewhat physically inactive. The 14-year-old Sue lives in a remote and rural community area in Australia. Her family comprises of her mother and six younger siblings. She is the eldest child of her mother. If a child falls ill and is admitted to a hospital, this affects the whole family. Generally, while treating a child/ infant and adolescent, the healthcare providers always approaches a family centered care model. The general principles of this model include sharing objective, unbiased and open information and respecting the diversity and cultural differences. The decisions should be entirely made by collaborating with the family (Festini, 2014). The girl lives in the remote area and receives treatment from the local health clinic. The nearest hospital, which can provide her the proper cardiology review and echocardiogram (ECG), is 800 km away. According to the doctor who was attending Sue in the health clinic, Sue should move there to receive proper treatment. The family centered care system is required in th is context as Sue is the oldest of the children in her family without a father and her mother has to attend six young children without help (Barry Edgman-Levitan, 2012). The doctor, nurse, mother and Sue herself has to collaborate to take a final decision about her treatment (Gowda et al., 2012). The family has to decide who will take care of Sue and who will take care of her siblings. With the help of the collaborative approach, Sue and her mother has to decide how they are going to manage all these (Ball, Bindler, Cowen, 2013). If she decides to go to the hospital, which is 800 km away, the life of her younger siblings will definitely get affected. As her family does not have a father and she has to help her mother by taking care of her younger siblings, her absence will affect her entire family. Her mother has to take care of Sue, because of her heart problem and ARH. Her extended family such as her grandparents/uncles/aunts has to take care of the younger children for her mother as her mother has to go with Sue, whenever she is admitted to the hospital. The hospitalization of the girl will affect the settings of the entire family. Her mother has to go with her in the hospital to take care of her. Sue has to stay at the hospital for her treatment and for that, she has to stay away from her siblings. She may terribly miss her siblings as she is used to them staying close to her and she may miss her school friends. The hospital setting may seem strange to her as it can be assumed that she has never seen a hospital and the local health clinic is too small to have a hospital setting, albeit the health clinic included her and her siblings in the secondary prophylaxis program. The nurses of the hospital have to be extra careful, as she might be vulnerable because of her health condition and the strange hospital environment. The disease of Rheumatic fever is very common and a fatal disease which happens because of a pathogen. This disease causes permanent damage to the heart by causing inflammation in the heart muscles. To give Sue, the proper ARF/RHD treatment, the family and the healthcare providers (doctors and the nurses) has to collaborate and work together in the Family centered approach. The family and the healthcare officials has to include her in the in the decision-making and should respect her opinion. The care-givers of the nearest hospital, where Sue is going to be treated from, has to be careful with her as she is new in the hospital setting and she is going to be away from her family. Sues mother should ask help from her extended family to help her managing the situation. The article concludes that the family centered approach is the best healthcare approach for nursing in a setting, which involves an adolescent child. References: Apa.org. (2017).Confidentiality in the treatment of adolescents.https://www.apa.org. Retrieved 1 September 2017, from https://www.apa.org/monitor/mar02/confidentiality.aspx Ball, J. W., Bindler, R. C., Cowen, K. J. (2013).Child health nursing. Prentice Hall. Barry, M. J., Edgman-Levitan, S. (2012). Shared decision makingthe pinnacle of patient-centered care.New England Journal of Medicine,366(9), 780-781. Blakemore, S. J., Robbins, T. W. (2012). Decision-making in the adolescent brain.Nature neuroscience,15(9), 1184-1191. Burke, R. J., Chang, C. (2014). Diagnostic criteria of acute rheumatic fever.Autoimmunity reviews,13(4), 503-507. Cunningham, M. W. (2012). Streptococcus and rheumatic fever.Current opinion in rheumatology,24(4), 408. Cunningham, M. W. (2014). Rheumatic fever, autoimmunity, and molecular mimicry: the streptococcal connection.International reviews of immunology,33(4), 314-329. Festini, F. (2014). Family-centered care.Italian journal of pediatrics,40(1), A33. Gowda, C., Schaffer, S. E., Dombkowski, K. J., Dempsey, A. F. (2012). Understanding attitudes toward adolescent vaccination and the decision-making dynamic among adolescents, parents and providers.BMC Public Health,12(1), 509. Iung, B., Vahanian, A. (2014). Epidemiology of acquired valvular heart disease.Canadian Journal of Cardiology,30(9), 962-970. Perricone, C., Rinkevich-Shop, S., Blank, M., Landa-Rouben, N., Alessandri, C., Conti, F., ... Valesini, G. (2014). The autoimmune side of rheumatic fever.Israel Medical Association Journal,16(10), 654-655. Rhdaustralia.org.au. (2017).Burden of Disease.Rheumatic Heart Disease Australia. Retrieved 1 September 2017, from https://www.rhdaustralia.org.au/burden-disease